BORGLUM, Gutzon (1867-1941) sculptor, medalist, author.
Full name: John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum.
Born near Bear Lake, Ovid Idaho, 25 March 1867.
Studied in Paris 1890-1902.
His bust of Abraham Lincoln, and statue of Zebulon
Vance, in United States Capitol.
Worked on Stone Mountain, Georgia (1916-23) to create
memorial to Confederacy. Borglum created plaster models
for U.S. commemorative half dollar in 1924, galvanos and
reductions made of these by Medallic Art Company (which
had reproduced most of his medallic work) before coins
struck by U.S. Mint.
After many disagreements with Stone Mountain committee,
Borglum withdrew and destroyed plans and models; work
was reinstated by H. Agustus Lukeman, and later completed
by Walker Hancock (q.q.v.) by 1970. Borglum then commenced
Mount Rushmore, North Dakota (1927-39) completed by his
son, Lincoln Borglum (q.v.).
He placed Mount Rushmore on a medal of his own design,
the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Medal, in 1935
(see MAco 1935-047 below) and his son prepared a relief of
Mount Rushmore in 1974 (see Lincoln Borglum). This image
has became iconic, known throughtout the world as symbolic
of American presidents. It has appeared on national medals
beginning in 1970, and U.S. commemorative coins in 1991.
A prolific sculptor, Borglum produce 170 statutes and
monuments in his lifetimein addition to the coins and
medals listed below .Both his brother and son were also
sculptors. His head of Lincoln appeared on U.S. stamp
(Scott 1114).
Signed most models GB monogram, initials on his one coin.
Fellow: National Sculpture Society.
Died Chicago, Illinois, 6 March 1941.
C O I N S
1925 Stone Mountain Half Dollar . . . . Breen 7460-7461, KM 157
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Half Dollar (obv by Marcel
Jovine, after Gutzon Borglum's sculptured mountain;
rev by James Ferrell; struck by U.S. Mint) . Baker C-A7
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Silver Dollar (obv by Marika
Somogyi, after Gutzon Borglum's sculptured mountain,
with additional modeling by Chester Martin; rev by
Frank Gasparro; struck by U.S. Mint) . . . . Baker C-A8
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Five Dollar Gold (obv design
of eagle and Gutzon Borglum's monumental carving, modeled
by John Mercanti; rev designed by Robert Lamb, modeled
by Cousins; struck by U.S. Mint) . . . . . . Baker C-A9
B A D G E S
1915 Grand Lodge of New York Badge. . . . . . . . . . . .
C A M P A I G N I T E M S
Full name: John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum.
Born near Bear Lake, Ovid Idaho, 25 March 1867.
Studied in Paris 1890-1902.
His bust of Abraham Lincoln, and statue of Zebulon
Vance, in United States Capitol.
Worked on Stone Mountain, Georgia (1916-23) to create
memorial to Confederacy. Borglum created plaster models
for U.S. commemorative half dollar in 1924, galvanos and
reductions made of these by Medallic Art Company (which
had reproduced most of his medallic work) before coins
struck by U.S. Mint.
After many disagreements with Stone Mountain committee,
Borglum withdrew and destroyed plans and models; work
was reinstated by H. Agustus Lukeman, and later completed
by Walker Hancock (q.q.v.) by 1970. Borglum then commenced
Mount Rushmore, North Dakota (1927-39) completed by his
son, Lincoln Borglum (q.v.).
He placed Mount Rushmore on a medal of his own design,
the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Medal, in 1935
(see MAco 1935-047 below) and his son prepared a relief of
Mount Rushmore in 1974 (see Lincoln Borglum). This image
has became iconic, known throughtout the world as symbolic
of American presidents. It has appeared on national medals
beginning in 1970, and U.S. commemorative coins in 1991.
A prolific sculptor, Borglum produce 170 statutes and
monuments in his lifetimein addition to the coins and
medals listed below .Both his brother and son were also
sculptors. His head of Lincoln appeared on U.S. stamp
(Scott 1114).
Signed most models GB monogram, initials on his one coin.
Fellow: National Sculpture Society.
Died Chicago, Illinois, 6 March 1941.
C O I N S
1925 Stone Mountain Half Dollar . . . . Breen 7460-7461, KM 157
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Half Dollar (obv by Marcel
Jovine, after Gutzon Borglum's sculptured mountain;
rev by James Ferrell; struck by U.S. Mint) . Baker C-A7
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Silver Dollar (obv by Marika
Somogyi, after Gutzon Borglum's sculptured mountain,
with additional modeling by Chester Martin; rev by
Frank Gasparro; struck by U.S. Mint) . . . . Baker C-A8
1991 Mount Rushmore Commem Five Dollar Gold (obv design
of eagle and Gutzon Borglum's monumental carving, modeled
by John Mercanti; rev designed by Robert Lamb, modeled
by Cousins; struck by U.S. Mint) . . . . . . Baker C-A9
B A D G E S
1915 Grand Lodge of New York Badge. . . . . . . . . . . .
C A M P A I G N I T E M S
1928 Smith (Alfred E.) Campaign Pin . . . . . . . MAco 1928-052
1932 Hoover (Herbert) Campaign Pin. . . . . . . . MAco 1932-059
Auctions:. . . . . . J&J 8:304, J&J 21:1507, J&J 25:1481
Auctions:. . . . . . J&J 8:304, J&J 21:1507, J&J 25:1481
1932 Roosevelt-Garner Campaign Pin. . . . . . . . MAco 1932-046
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 20:254
Collection: American Numismatic Society. . . 1977.289.1
R E L I E F S
1907 Family of Four Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . .
1907 Family’s Two Children Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . .
1907 Man’s Head Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1907 MacKay ( ) Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1915 Lincoln (Abraham) Porraait Relief (cast by Gorham). . ..
1916 Stevenson (Robert Lewis) Plaque (cast by John
Williams Foundry, New York; see also struck
plaquette below) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Collection: American Numismatic Society. 1940.100.847
Collection: Yale University Art Gallery. . . 29, 1980.387
19xx Male Portrait Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco G0697M
19xx Male Portrait Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco G0748GM
M E D A L S
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 20:254
Collection: American Numismatic Society. . . 1977.289.1
R E L I E F S
1907 Family of Four Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . .
1907 Family’s Two Children Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . .
1907 Man’s Head Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1907 MacKay ( ) Relief (cast by Gorham). … . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1915 Lincoln (Abraham) Porraait Relief (cast by Gorham). . ..
1916 Stevenson (Robert Lewis) Plaque (cast by John
Williams Foundry, New York; see also struck
plaquette below) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Collection: American Numismatic Society. 1940.100.847
Collection: Yale University Art Gallery. . . 29, 1980.387
19xx Male Portrait Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco G0697M
19xx Male Portrait Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco G0748GM
M E D A L S
1910 American Numismatic Society Member's Medal (originally
struck by Tiffany dates/issue: 1910-28; then struck
by Medallic Art Co, d/i: 1910-1929) . . . . MAco 1929-026,
Johnson 22, Baxter 248
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . J&J 7:296; PCA 43:419, PCA 46:251,
PCA 47:376, PCA 60:377, PCA 73:658, PCA 78:450,
PCA 82:372, )PCA 84:361
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.4387
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . . 54
Illustrated: The Numismatist 32:11 (November 1919) p 162
1910 New Theater of New York Medallion. . . . . . . . . .MAco 09-3,
ANS (IECM) 1-2, Baxter 249
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 24:735
struck by Tiffany dates/issue: 1910-28; then struck
by Medallic Art Co, d/i: 1910-1929) . . . . MAco 1929-026,
Johnson 22, Baxter 248
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . J&J 7:296; PCA 43:419, PCA 46:251,
PCA 47:376, PCA 60:377, PCA 73:658, PCA 78:450,
PCA 82:372, )PCA 84:361
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.4387
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . . 54
Illustrated: The Numismatist 32:11 (November 1919) p 162
1910 New Theater of New York Medallion. . . . . . . . . .MAco 09-3,
ANS (IECM) 1-2, Baxter 249
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 24:735
1912 American Red Cross 9th International Conference
Medal (4 varieties). . . . . . . . . .MAco 1911-002, Baxter 250,
Storer: 7354, 7356-7358
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . .PCA 52:431, PCA 73:659[wreath rev]
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.45886
1912 Americna Red Cross Neutrality and Humanity Medal
(by Borglum, struck by Bailey, Banks & Biddle) . . .
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 23:517, J&J 25:430
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.45883
Medal (4 varieties). . . . . . . . . .MAco 1911-002, Baxter 250,
Storer: 7354, 7356-7358
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . .PCA 52:431, PCA 73:659[wreath rev]
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.45886
1912 Americna Red Cross Neutrality and Humanity Medal
(by Borglum, struck by Bailey, Banks & Biddle) . . .
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 23:517, J&J 25:430
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] 0000.999.45883
1913 American Geographical Society David Livingstone
Centenary Medal (struck by Tiffany, 257, first year,
then by Medallic Art beginning in 1915) [dates/
issue: 1913-]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1915-006, Baxter 251,
Freeman 326, Storer 2232
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 4:349; PCA 57:485
Collection: American Numismatic Society. . . . 1003.1.36
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . 55
1915 New York City Independence Day Merit Medal (also
called Figure of A Man Medal). . . . . . . . MAco 1915-021,
Baxter 252
Auctions:. . . . . . . . CAL 31:28; PCA 60:390, PCA 63:1547
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] . . . 1915.188.1
Centenary Medal (struck by Tiffany, 257, first year,
then by Medallic Art beginning in 1915) [dates/
issue: 1913-]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1915-006, Baxter 251,
Freeman 326, Storer 2232
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J&J 4:349; PCA 57:485
Collection: American Numismatic Society. . . . 1003.1.36
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . 55
1915 New York City Independence Day Merit Medal (also
called Figure of A Man Medal). . . . . . . . MAco 1915-021,
Baxter 252
Auctions:. . . . . . . . CAL 31:28; PCA 60:390, PCA 63:1547
Collection: American Numismatic Soc [>1] . . . 1915.188.1
1916 Stevenson (Robert Louis) Plaquette (struck by
Medallic Art Co) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1916-003
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . CAL 28:32; J&J 26:424; PCA 44:348,
PCA 47:417
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . . . 56
Illustrated: [Trees] Medallic Art in Commerce (1927) p . .19
Medallic Art Co) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1916-003
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . CAL 28:32; J&J 26:424; PCA 44:348,
PCA 47:417
Collection: Cornell Univ Johnson Art Gallery . . . . . . . . . 56
Illustrated: [Trees] Medallic Art in Commerce (1927) p . .19
1921 International Aero Congress Medal. . . . . . . . MAco 1921-026
1923 Institute of Musical Art Medal . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1923-014
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PCA 72:1813
1924 Stone Mountain Children's Founders Roll Medal (by
Gutzon Borglum; struck by Whitehead & Hoag). . . . .
Auctions:. . . . . . . . J&J 25:70; PCA 45:992, PCA 47:1433,
PCA 70:858-859, PCA 80:908
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PCA 72:1813
1924 Stone Mountain Children's Founders Roll Medal (by
Gutzon Borglum; struck by Whitehead & Hoag). . . . .
Auctions:. . . . . . . . J&J 25:70; PCA 45:992, PCA 47:1433,
PCA 70:858-859, PCA 80:908
1926 Bennett (May F.) Plaquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1926-018
1931 Better Homes Plaquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1931-061
1931 Better Homes Plaquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1931-061
1935 Mount Rushmore National Memorial Medal (obv lettering
by Henri Weil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1935-047
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. PCA 71:629
S C U L P T U R E
1909 Wood (Abel) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . . . . . .
1916 Cunniff (Bernard) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . .
1917 Greene (Lucy N.) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . .
R E P L I C A S & R E I S S U E S
by Henri Weil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAco 1935-047
Auctions:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. PCA 71:629
S C U L P T U R E
1909 Wood (Abel) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . . . . . .
1916 Cunniff (Bernard) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . .
1917 Greene (Lucy N.) Portrait Relief (cast by Gorham). . . . . . . .
R E P L I C A S & R E I S S U E S
1910 American Numismatic Society Member's Medal . MAco 1929-026
1913 Livingstone (David) Medal (reissued 1985). . . . . .
1970 Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Medal (struck by
Medallic Art Co, Borglum's sculpture work) . MAco 1970-023,
[Type of Turner 34], Swoger [unnumbered]
Auctions:. . . . . CAL 29:382; J&J 16:1092, J&J 25:1195;
PCA 58:1784-1785, PCA 60:821, PCA 64:1269, PCA 65:856
Illustrated: M62 {2008}Swoger, Nat Comm Medals p 161
1970 Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Medal (struck by U.S.
Mint, of Borglum's sculpture work). . . . . . . . . . .Turner 34,
Dean D1970-4, Swoger 49
Illustrated: M60 {2008}Dean, National Comm Medals, p 41
Illustrated: M62 {2008}Swoger, Nat Comm Medals p 160
A R C H I V E S
AAA Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, reel 3056.
GA Gorham Company Archives.
C O L L E C T I O N S
C8 {1965} Gardner, p 100-102.
C13 {1992} Freedman and Frank 29, p 38.
C14 {1996} Marqusee 54-56, p 10, (biography) 89.
B I O G R A P I C A L R E F E R E N C E S
D8 {1926} Fielding, p 35, 444-445.
Px {1934} Medal Awarded by Better Homes in America Designed by G. Borglum.
Architectural Forum 60:3 (March 1934) p 170.
BA {1937} Who's Who In American Art: 1937 [1ed:53], 1939 [2ed:65],1941 [3ed:80], 1947 [4ed:581 obit].
P30 {1941} New York Times (7 March) 21:1 (obit).
B1 {1943} Who Was Who, p 117-118.
BE {1943} Webster's Biographical Dict, p 172.
BDAB{1946} Dictionay of American Biography, Supplement 3, p 87, by [A.A-s] Adeline Adams.
N16 {1967} Taxay, p 74-78.
A12 {1968} Craven, passim, (biblio) 732.
A13 {1968} Proske, p 59-65, (biblio) 521.
S26 {1968} Turner, 34.
A14 {1970} Osborne, p 147-148 (misspells first name).
A17 {1974} Broder
A18 {1974} Goode, p 300, 440-451.
D29 {1976} Samuels, p 57-58.
AEW {1976} Whitney Museum of Art (bio) p 260-261.
A29 {1982} Baigell, p 45.
BF1 {1985} Falk, p 66.
250 {1985} Smith (Rex Alan) The Carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville
Press, 415 pp.
D33 {1986} Opitz, p 88.
AE1 {1988} Falk, 2:98.
A38 {1988} Osborne, p 71.
AE2 {1990} Art Institute of Chicago, p 137.
AE5 {1990} National Academy of Design, p 90.
BW6 {1990} Rubinstein, p 177.
A42 {1993} Reynolds, passim.
A44 {1996} Salmon, American Masters, p 21.
BANB{1999} American National Biography, p 3:214-215, by Robert L. Gale.
BF2 {1999} Falk. Who Was Who in American Art, p 1:383.
D3a {2006} Benezit. Dictionary of Artists, 2:877-878.
N U M I S M A T I C R E F E R E N C E S
E3 {1902-30} Forrer 7:97.
NE2 {1911} ANS (IECM) 1-2, p 15 (biography).
D5 {1915} Earle, p 51-53.
AE8 {1923} NSS Exhibit Catalog, p 26.
A2 {1927} Fairman, p 383.
E6 {1927} Trees (Clyde Curlee) Medallic Art in Commerce, Civics, Philanthropy,
Letters and Science. New York: Medallic Art Company (1927) 39 pages.
M14 {1931} Storer (medical) 2232, p 314, 7354, 7356-7358 979-980.
N10 {1958} Adelson, p 184.
M21 {1964} Freeman, 326, p 160.
A15 {1971} Vermeule, p 169-171.
S34 {1972} Johnson (Medals of ANS) 22.
E17 {1983} Pessolano-Filos, p 15.
S48 {1985} Rulau and Fuld (Baker) C-A7, C-9, C-A4 p 28.
M42 {1987} Baxter 248-252, p 63-64; 87-88.
O12 {1988} Breen 7460-7461, p 590.
N30 {1991} Bowers. Commemorative Coins, p 696-698 (bio).
N31 {1992} Smith. American Numismatic Biographies, p 33.
N37 {2005} Burdette. Renaissance of American Coinage, p 1:29.
M60 {2008}Dean, National Commemorative Medals of U.S. Mint; D1970-4, p 41.
M62 {2008}Swoger, National Commemorative Medals, 49, p 158-162.
N41 {2009} Reed (Fred). Abraham Lincoln, The Image of His Greatness, p 14, 15, 171-
172, 184-186, 203, 210, 223, 248-249.
1913 Livingstone (David) Medal (reissued 1985). . . . . .
1970 Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Medal (struck by
Medallic Art Co, Borglum's sculpture work) . MAco 1970-023,
[Type of Turner 34], Swoger [unnumbered]
Auctions:. . . . . CAL 29:382; J&J 16:1092, J&J 25:1195;
PCA 58:1784-1785, PCA 60:821, PCA 64:1269, PCA 65:856
Illustrated: M62 {2008}Swoger, Nat Comm Medals p 161
1970 Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Medal (struck by U.S.
Mint, of Borglum's sculpture work). . . . . . . . . . .Turner 34,
Dean D1970-4, Swoger 49
Illustrated: M60 {2008}Dean, National Comm Medals, p 41
Illustrated: M62 {2008}Swoger, Nat Comm Medals p 160
A R C H I V E S
AAA Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, reel 3056.
GA Gorham Company Archives.
C O L L E C T I O N S
C8 {1965} Gardner, p 100-102.
C13 {1992} Freedman and Frank 29, p 38.
C14 {1996} Marqusee 54-56, p 10, (biography) 89.
B I O G R A P I C A L R E F E R E N C E S
D8 {1926} Fielding, p 35, 444-445.
Px {1934} Medal Awarded by Better Homes in America Designed by G. Borglum.
Architectural Forum 60:3 (March 1934) p 170.
BA {1937} Who's Who In American Art: 1937 [1ed:53], 1939 [2ed:65],1941 [3ed:80], 1947 [4ed:581 obit].
P30 {1941} New York Times (7 March) 21:1 (obit).
B1 {1943} Who Was Who, p 117-118.
BE {1943} Webster's Biographical Dict, p 172.
BDAB{1946} Dictionay of American Biography, Supplement 3, p 87, by [A.A-s] Adeline Adams.
N16 {1967} Taxay, p 74-78.
A12 {1968} Craven, passim, (biblio) 732.
A13 {1968} Proske, p 59-65, (biblio) 521.
S26 {1968} Turner, 34.
A14 {1970} Osborne, p 147-148 (misspells first name).
A17 {1974} Broder
A18 {1974} Goode, p 300, 440-451.
D29 {1976} Samuels, p 57-58.
AEW {1976} Whitney Museum of Art (bio) p 260-261.
A29 {1982} Baigell, p 45.
BF1 {1985} Falk, p 66.
250 {1985} Smith (Rex Alan) The Carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville
Press, 415 pp.
D33 {1986} Opitz, p 88.
AE1 {1988} Falk, 2:98.
A38 {1988} Osborne, p 71.
AE2 {1990} Art Institute of Chicago, p 137.
AE5 {1990} National Academy of Design, p 90.
BW6 {1990} Rubinstein, p 177.
A42 {1993} Reynolds, passim.
A44 {1996} Salmon, American Masters, p 21.
BANB{1999} American National Biography, p 3:214-215, by Robert L. Gale.
BF2 {1999} Falk. Who Was Who in American Art, p 1:383.
D3a {2006} Benezit. Dictionary of Artists, 2:877-878.
N U M I S M A T I C R E F E R E N C E S
E3 {1902-30} Forrer 7:97.
NE2 {1911} ANS (IECM) 1-2, p 15 (biography).
D5 {1915} Earle, p 51-53.
AE8 {1923} NSS Exhibit Catalog, p 26.
A2 {1927} Fairman, p 383.
E6 {1927} Trees (Clyde Curlee) Medallic Art in Commerce, Civics, Philanthropy,
Letters and Science. New York: Medallic Art Company (1927) 39 pages.
M14 {1931} Storer (medical) 2232, p 314, 7354, 7356-7358 979-980.
N10 {1958} Adelson, p 184.
M21 {1964} Freeman, 326, p 160.
A15 {1971} Vermeule, p 169-171.
S34 {1972} Johnson (Medals of ANS) 22.
E17 {1983} Pessolano-Filos, p 15.
S48 {1985} Rulau and Fuld (Baker) C-A7, C-9, C-A4 p 28.
M42 {1987} Baxter 248-252, p 63-64; 87-88.
O12 {1988} Breen 7460-7461, p 590.
N30 {1991} Bowers. Commemorative Coins, p 696-698 (bio).
N31 {1992} Smith. American Numismatic Biographies, p 33.
N37 {2005} Burdette. Renaissance of American Coinage, p 1:29.
M60 {2008}Dean, National Commemorative Medals of U.S. Mint; D1970-4, p 41.
M62 {2008}Swoger, National Commemorative Medals, 49, p 158-162.
N41 {2009} Reed (Fred). Abraham Lincoln, The Image of His Greatness, p 14, 15, 171-
172, 184-186, 203, 210, 223, 248-249.