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Every Item Named
THE LIST appearing after the biographical data are by category – one of thirty – then item-by-item listings of objects in chronological order follows. The listing for each item is not an attempt to describe the item, but only to indicate that item by name.
Names of coins are well established; names of other numismatic items are not well known, sometimes nonexistent. Too many numismatists have overlooked determining an item's name. Even in the profound work on 19th century U.S. Mint medals author Robert W. Julian choose to identify the medals by title, rather than by name.
Some rules for naming the items have been established. The compiler faced this chore in 1966 when he was charged with cataloging all the issues of Medallic Art Company and had to name more than 7,000 medallic items made by the firm. [This total had reached 7,121 by the time the author left the firm in January 1977.]
Names of coins are well established; names of other numismatic items are not well known, sometimes nonexistent. Too many numismatists have overlooked determining an item's name. Even in the profound work on 19th century U.S. Mint medals author Robert W. Julian choose to identify the medals by title, rather than by name.
Some rules for naming the items have been established. The compiler faced this chore in 1966 when he was charged with cataloging all the issues of Medallic Art Company and had to name more than 7,000 medallic items made by the firm. [This total had reached 7,121 by the time the author left the firm in January 1977.]
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Most medals are easy to name: the person or event featured. Other medallic items sometimes had as many as four elements that were necessary to be incorporated in the name, as: the sponsoring organization, its parent organization, the name of the award and perhaps an individual portrayed or honored. See example at left.
Some rules of thumb did emerge for naming numismatic items: eliminate titles of rank or position – omit general or admiral or bishop or mister or even doctor – but give the subject's full name. We have three "General Washingtons" for example, it is more precise to identify George [who had no middle name], from John Macrae Washington and from William Henry Washington. Also do not abbreviate any part in the name of a person or the name of the medal (even spelling out Saint and Street) and keep punctuation to an absolute minimum (eliminate the comma between city and state in the name, for example). Whenever possible put the most important element of the medal's name first. The example in the box above, the University of Rochester becomes Rochester University. This brings related items together when they are alphabetized, an important advantage. |
Proper Sequence in Naming a Medal
The Edward F. Adolph award in Physiology of the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester contains four elements (in 19 words). Its proper name as a medal (reduced to 12 words): |
Add a city name as an identifier for certain types of medals (as storecards) and certain themes or devices. Use the name of a city and sometimes the state where clarity is necessary (never use Springfield without state name) in the name of the medal to indicate such things as monuments, public statues, conventions, buildings, parks, churches, newspapers, radio & TV stations, and (sometimes) bridges. Conventions and professional meetings should also include city location in the name
Don't italicize the name of a ship or airplane (or book, or play, or song for that matter) in the name of a medal. The best advice to name a medal is to use common sense. When you have the briefest name possible while still identifying the proper elements with everything spelled out, you have a good name, for coin, medal, or token!
Don't italicize the name of a ship or airplane (or book, or play, or song for that matter) in the name of a medal. The best advice to name a medal is to use common sense. When you have the briefest name possible while still identifying the proper elements with everything spelled out, you have a good name, for coin, medal, or token!
What To Name This Plaquette?
This medallic item from the U.S. Mint has been called more different names than any other. What to name it? Theodore Roosevelt something? U.S. Navy something? United States Atlantic Fleet something? Hampton Roads Departure something? American Atlantic Fleet something?
The squadron of ships was also called the "Great White Fleet." Should this be in the name? You can understand the reason for confusion, and why writers are not in agreement, thus so many names have appeared in print.
We have arbitrarily chosen what we think is best: Atlantic Squadron World Cruise Plaquette. It says who and what in the briefest manner (two ideal criteria for a good name!).
The plaquette was created by Charles E. Barber and George Morgan, both engravers at the U.S. Mint where it was struck in 1907. It was exhibited in 1910 and illustrated in the International Exposition of Contemporary Medals (IECM) 7, page 335, and later, in Baxter (1988) 209 p 54-55 – both publications of the American Numismatic Society – and was List 532 at the U.S. Mint where it was sold in bronze from 1907 until late 1980s when the stock of medals expired and no more were struck.
The squadron of ships was also called the "Great White Fleet." Should this be in the name? You can understand the reason for confusion, and why writers are not in agreement, thus so many names have appeared in print.
We have arbitrarily chosen what we think is best: Atlantic Squadron World Cruise Plaquette. It says who and what in the briefest manner (two ideal criteria for a good name!).
The plaquette was created by Charles E. Barber and George Morgan, both engravers at the U.S. Mint where it was struck in 1907. It was exhibited in 1910 and illustrated in the International Exposition of Contemporary Medals (IECM) 7, page 335, and later, in Baxter (1988) 209 p 54-55 – both publications of the American Numismatic Society – and was List 532 at the U.S. Mint where it was sold in bronze from 1907 until late 1980s when the stock of medals expired and no more were struck.
Same Item: Different Name
The possibility exists of some duplication when an item is called by different names in different sources. An attempt has been made to identify and resolve this problem by listing the most used name first followed by "also known as" and the second or subsequent name(s).
Acquiring the skill to name numismatic and medallic items comes easy, provided the person has at least some sense of the essence of the piece at hand. Granted, there are hundreds of Kennedy (John Fitzgerald) Medals [note all but the last name in parenthesis except where the personal name is in the middle of the numismatic name – this rule exists throughout].
Can you differentiate one item from all such similar items? With a little practice any educated person can learn to name these pieces to the satisfaction of the issuer, the collector, the numismatist, the art historian, the public, and for history.
Numismatic scholarship requires more than just the name of the item, however. A seasoned numismatist is required to record and document all aspects of each item by describing and cataloging – but that is outside the scope of this work. (A numismatic cataloger must also recognize all symbols and artistic symbolism and describe these as well, again outside the scope of this work.) In a sense, the listing herein is a name index of all these glyptic, or bas-relief, or numismatic, or medallic, or diestruck, or cast, or engraved items.
Acquiring the skill to name numismatic and medallic items comes easy, provided the person has at least some sense of the essence of the piece at hand. Granted, there are hundreds of Kennedy (John Fitzgerald) Medals [note all but the last name in parenthesis except where the personal name is in the middle of the numismatic name – this rule exists throughout].
Can you differentiate one item from all such similar items? With a little practice any educated person can learn to name these pieces to the satisfaction of the issuer, the collector, the numismatist, the art historian, the public, and for history.
Numismatic scholarship requires more than just the name of the item, however. A seasoned numismatist is required to record and document all aspects of each item by describing and cataloging – but that is outside the scope of this work. (A numismatic cataloger must also recognize all symbols and artistic symbolism and describe these as well, again outside the scope of this work.) In a sense, the listing herein is a name index of all these glyptic, or bas-relief, or numismatic, or medallic, or diestruck, or cast, or engraved items.
Listings Are By Type
Each item is listed by the name for that type. A type is defined in numismatics as: all those items of similar design without regard to any variations. These variations are called varieties by numismatists. The name of the type is as broad as the design dictates. Full names of people are used if the type is named for a person and this data can be obtained.
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Varieties are often of a slight design variance, or a difference in inscription, or a change in the name of the issuing organization, as examples. Varieties have not been listed, nor has any attempt been made to list, or to identify, differences in the composition, or size, or finish. The items are all of the same design – all the same type – under the name listed, but they may differ by varieties (while varieties are of great interest to collectors and numismatists, these are outside the scope of this work).
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These Lists Are “-ographies” |
The publication of the varieties remains for astute numismatists to catalog these objects. Fortunately there already exists in American numismatic literature a number of these catalogs (generally by collectors' topics) but this number is less than one hundred. Unfortunately these catalogs are not appearing as quickly as anyone familiar with American numismatics would like to have them available. The challenge remains for American numismatic writers to fill these voids and the present book may serve to inspire and aid in these endeavors.
Photo Illustrations
Photographs are planned for all items listed, it should be obvious however, this will require time, and cooperation of many numismatists and organizations which can grant permission to furnish photos of specimens in their collections. All illustrations are NOT the exact size of the item. All illustrations are sized to fit obverse and reverse side-by-side within a column width.
Once we have gathered a large number of photos and inserted these in their proper place – directly above the name – it would be possible to search for an unknown item by scrolling through the entire list.
Once we have gathered a large number of photos and inserted these in their proper place – directly above the name – it would be possible to search for an unknown item by scrolling through the entire list.
Citations
Examples of typical citations:
C O I N S
Breen 7468 U.S. Coins in Breen's Encyclopedia O12 {1988} Breen
KM 185 World Coins Krause Mishler catalogs O8 {1973} Mishler
Breen 7468 U.S. Coins in Breen's Encyclopedia O12 {1988} Breen
KM 185 World Coins Krause Mishler catalogs O8 {1973} Mishler
M E D A L S
MAco 1917-007 Medallic Art Company medals [Company Card File]
MAco 1930-001-001 Medallic Art Co medals in series [Company Card File]
Julian AM-39 Catalog U.S. Mint Medals by Julian M37 {1977} Julian
List 610 List Medals sold by U.S. Mint M25{1969}U.S. Mint
FM NCS-33 Franklin Mint issues M30 {1974} Krause
HK 607 Hibler & Kappen So-Called Dollars M20 {1963} H & K
DeWitt HC 1840-1 Political Campaign Medals by DeWitt S11 {1959} DeWitt
Baker 324 Washington Medals first listed by S48 {1987} Rulau
Baker; updated by Rulau and Fuld
MAco 1917-007 Medallic Art Company medals [Company Card File]
MAco 1930-001-001 Medallic Art Co medals in series [Company Card File]
Julian AM-39 Catalog U.S. Mint Medals by Julian M37 {1977} Julian
List 610 List Medals sold by U.S. Mint M25{1969}U.S. Mint
FM NCS-33 Franklin Mint issues M30 {1974} Krause
HK 607 Hibler & Kappen So-Called Dollars M20 {1963} H & K
DeWitt HC 1840-1 Political Campaign Medals by DeWitt S11 {1959} DeWitt
Baker 324 Washington Medals first listed by S48 {1987} Rulau
Baker; updated by Rulau and Fuld
T O K E N S
Rulau NyNY-1 Standard Catalog of U.S. Tokens S58 {1999} Rulau
Rulau NyNY-1 Standard Catalog of U.S. Tokens S58 {1999} Rulau
Information on artist's coins and medals must, obviously, come from numismatic sources. Thus numismatic literature furnishes much of the data that is included in this work. Art literature was also examined but art books generally lack numbering systems that dominate numismatic literature. Numismatists seem to venerate listing every item by some unique catalog number. This catalog number becomes a numismatic shorthand,
The citations at the end of each line are to reference works that catalog or list this item (either numismatic or art reference works). At the end of each artist entry are listed the identity of these reference works. This will refer the reader to the full information about that reference work in the Bibliography at the end of this book.
With a little experience this arrangement will become familiar to the reader or researcher using these listings. Citations at the end of the line are given in boldface numbers – or letters and numbers – as the appropriate numbering system used by the original reference work.
Typically in numismatics these catalog numbers are preceded by the last name of the author or authors who compiled the catalog. This is followed by a unique catalog number to indicate that particular item.
Examples: Numismatic scholar Walter Breen cataloged all United States coins. Breen references for U.S. colonial coins are a serial number below 1500. American commemorative coins bear a Breen citation between 7620 and 7699, with standard U.S. coins between 1500 and 7419. Breen numbers are listed at the end of the line following the name of the coin. Breen's reference is "O12 {1988} Breen" with a page number in his Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins, first published in 1988, listed in the Bibliography as O12.
Hibler Kappen citations for dollar-size medals are abbreviated "HK" (as is numismatic custom) followed by a serial number up to four digits. Julian numbers by a letter designation and a serial number connected by a hyphen. The U.S. Mint catalog using a page number, colon, and catalog number given in this reference book (published in three editions, 1912-1914). Other number systems are used by other catalog authors. (See table above: Some Typical Citations.)
Citations for some United States Mint medals include the word "List" in the citation. There is a long custom in calling these "List medals," as they were offered for sale by lists issued by the U.S. Treasury Department. Nineteenth century U.S. Mint medals will be cited by both Julian numbers and List medals when these medals were sold by the Mint in both 19th and 20th centuries (they differ by their patina finish in addition to when they were struck).
References to issues of Medallic Art Company are a four-digit figure (the year item first made) hyphen, then a three digit figure serial number within that year. These serial numbers are not in the strict sequence that they were produced (until mid 1971). These were obtained from company records and have not been previously published in full. Medallic Art medals issued in series – or in several varieties – are given a hyphen and serial number connected to their catalog number.
Franklin Mint medals are cited by a three-letter citation and number connected with a hyphen. This number system was established by the firm and used for their archives and listing in all Franklin Mint publication.
The citations at the end of each line are to reference works that catalog or list this item (either numismatic or art reference works). At the end of each artist entry are listed the identity of these reference works. This will refer the reader to the full information about that reference work in the Bibliography at the end of this book.
With a little experience this arrangement will become familiar to the reader or researcher using these listings. Citations at the end of the line are given in boldface numbers – or letters and numbers – as the appropriate numbering system used by the original reference work.
Typically in numismatics these catalog numbers are preceded by the last name of the author or authors who compiled the catalog. This is followed by a unique catalog number to indicate that particular item.
Examples: Numismatic scholar Walter Breen cataloged all United States coins. Breen references for U.S. colonial coins are a serial number below 1500. American commemorative coins bear a Breen citation between 7620 and 7699, with standard U.S. coins between 1500 and 7419. Breen numbers are listed at the end of the line following the name of the coin. Breen's reference is "O12 {1988} Breen" with a page number in his Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins, first published in 1988, listed in the Bibliography as O12.
Hibler Kappen citations for dollar-size medals are abbreviated "HK" (as is numismatic custom) followed by a serial number up to four digits. Julian numbers by a letter designation and a serial number connected by a hyphen. The U.S. Mint catalog using a page number, colon, and catalog number given in this reference book (published in three editions, 1912-1914). Other number systems are used by other catalog authors. (See table above: Some Typical Citations.)
Citations for some United States Mint medals include the word "List" in the citation. There is a long custom in calling these "List medals," as they were offered for sale by lists issued by the U.S. Treasury Department. Nineteenth century U.S. Mint medals will be cited by both Julian numbers and List medals when these medals were sold by the Mint in both 19th and 20th centuries (they differ by their patina finish in addition to when they were struck).
References to issues of Medallic Art Company are a four-digit figure (the year item first made) hyphen, then a three digit figure serial number within that year. These serial numbers are not in the strict sequence that they were produced (until mid 1971). These were obtained from company records and have not been previously published in full. Medallic Art medals issued in series – or in several varieties – are given a hyphen and serial number connected to their catalog number.
Franklin Mint medals are cited by a three-letter citation and number connected with a hyphen. This number system was established by the firm and used for their archives and listing in all Franklin Mint publication.
Parenthetical Citations
A few catalogs or lists which do not have catalog numbers to cite have been manually numbered (one up in the sequence they appear in the catalog). These serial numbers become the citations and are listed at the end of the name line. They are not boldface since they are not known by these numbers. They are enclosed within parenthesis to identify these (and help any researcher find the original listing).
An example of citations in parenthesis is the listing of the works of Whitehead and Hoag in the company publication, Medals and Plaques. This portfolio (probably intended for use by company's salesmen to show prospects) lists 107 medallic items. (Listed in Bibliography: R4 {1941} Whitehead & Hoag.) Some books listing artist's work which did not number the items were given this same treatment.
An example of citations in parenthesis is the listing of the works of Whitehead and Hoag in the company publication, Medals and Plaques. This portfolio (probably intended for use by company's salesmen to show prospects) lists 107 medallic items. (Listed in Bibliography: R4 {1941} Whitehead & Hoag.) Some books listing artist's work which did not number the items were given this same treatment.
Dates of Entries
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Not all coins and medals listed here are dated. Some bear no date, and the date of issue cannot be determined. In those cases where a date nearby can be determined, this is indicated with circa (abbreviated: ca) after the approximate date. It can be assumed the actual date can be within 25 years of the circa date. (As to one of the fourteen quarter centuries within the 350 years this compendium covers,1652 to 2002.)
Those items which remain undated, where even the nearest quarter century cannot be estimated, are listed as: n.d.(for no date known). |
Dates Are Not Always Obvious |
Award Medal Dates of Issue
Award medals are usually cataloged with the year in which the award is first issued (or the year the medal was first made). However, when an individual award medal is described it is the date of the year it is bestowed (usually so inscribed along with the recipient name and sometimes the reason). Award medal programs often extend over a number of years. The established custom of dating by year of award leads to some confusion in cataloging. To flag this in this compilation, a new term – or its abbreviation – has been used.
When a medal, intentionally bestowed to a recipient, is known to be issued for more than one year it is indicated by the symbol: d/i (or this is spelled out: “dates/issued” if space on the line permits).
Usually a medal is first awarded the year when it was first created. The last year in which it has been observed is indicated by a range of dates. Here are some examples:
When a medal, intentionally bestowed to a recipient, is known to be issued for more than one year it is indicated by the symbol: d/i (or this is spelled out: “dates/issued” if space on the line permits).
Usually a medal is first awarded the year when it was first created. The last year in which it has been observed is indicated by a range of dates. Here are some examples:
1839 Columbia College Prize Medal [d/i] . . . . (type of SC-18) |
There is nothing to prevent an organization that once issued a medal, to resume issuing the medal again. Any hiatus is not covered in this book; only the first and last dates are listed.
Criteria for Inclusion
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In brief, if the coin, medal or token is made by an American, or of American interest and we know who the artist is – it is listed. If it exists it is included.
Obviously coins and medals are included in this work. The criteria for selecting other objects is if they are of a relief or engraved origin (even if in the model). The list below gives the rules for selecting only those objects for inclusion in this book.
Identifying the items listed is, necessarily, as brief as possible. It is not a numismatic description or an auction catalog description. Instead items are listed by the name of the item. Coins are usually named by a design element and the denomination. Jefferson nickel is such an example.
For items other than coins the last word in the name should be the kind of item it is, as Thomas Jefferson Medal. However, since so many are named for people, names are all listed in the following style: Jefferson (Thomas) Medal [all but the last name are in parenthesis after the last name].
Obviously coins and medals are included in this work. The criteria for selecting other objects is if they are of a relief or engraved origin (even if in the model). The list below gives the rules for selecting only those objects for inclusion in this book.
Identifying the items listed is, necessarily, as brief as possible. It is not a numismatic description or an auction catalog description. Instead items are listed by the name of the item. Coins are usually named by a design element and the denomination. Jefferson nickel is such an example.
For items other than coins the last word in the name should be the kind of item it is, as Thomas Jefferson Medal. However, since so many are named for people, names are all listed in the following style: Jefferson (Thomas) Medal [all but the last name are in parenthesis after the last name].
Oversized Items
Items listed herein were limited to less than 18-inch in their largest measurement.
Some plaques and tablets larger than this have been included provided a smaller size replica was also issued. An example is as follows:
Some plaques and tablets larger than this have been included provided a smaller size replica was also issued. An example is as follows:
P L A Q U E S |
Art and Numismatic Items Listed
The compiler has cast a wide net to list a variety of items included in this databank. The common denominator of what is included is any item that is reproducible bas-relief within a certain size limit. These criteria are set to ensure that it is collectable. The arbitrary size limit of 18 inches indicates anything smaller is certainly collectable. (Over-size models intended to be replicated in a size less than 18-inch are included, as are some tablets where a collectible size was also issued, as above illustration.)
The original artist's bas-relief model can be in any media (wax, clay, plaster, wood or whatever), the technique for creating the bas-relief may be of any kind (carved, modeled, assembled or fabricated). Finally the end product can be – or was – reproduced by any method: mold casting, die striking, electrolytic casting (as a galvano), by foundry casting, or any other metalcasting method, or even by repoussé, niello, etched or photoetched. All are included, though the method of manufacture may not be identified.
Thus what an artist can engrave or model or carve or otherwise create as a bas-relief pattern which can be later reproduced is included. This irrespective of the quantity
or the method of reproduction – or the media in which the original pattern was made – or the media of the ultimate object – or its mounting, or if the object was ever reproduced at all (as in the case of unaccepted models)! All are included. If it exists, it is listed
While concentrating on the coins and medals created by these artists, the range of other items – the end product of the original bas-relief – is evident by the list of categories that define these objects.
The original artist's bas-relief model can be in any media (wax, clay, plaster, wood or whatever), the technique for creating the bas-relief may be of any kind (carved, modeled, assembled or fabricated). Finally the end product can be – or was – reproduced by any method: mold casting, die striking, electrolytic casting (as a galvano), by foundry casting, or any other metalcasting method, or even by repoussé, niello, etched or photoetched. All are included, though the method of manufacture may not be identified.
Thus what an artist can engrave or model or carve or otherwise create as a bas-relief pattern which can be later reproduced is included. This irrespective of the quantity
or the method of reproduction – or the media in which the original pattern was made – or the media of the ultimate object – or its mounting, or if the object was ever reproduced at all (as in the case of unaccepted models)! All are included. If it exists, it is listed
While concentrating on the coins and medals created by these artists, the range of other items – the end product of the original bas-relief – is evident by the list of categories that define these objects.
Utility To Collectors
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Collectors of numismatic items often collect by topics – no one forces the collector to collect what they don’t want to acquire, study and venerate. If a topic can be identified by a one or two word phrase a list of all itmes in that topic can be found in this databank. A keyword search would identify all items within that topic if in the name of the items. This forms, in effect, a want list for specific items to acquire (and perhaps to create a topic catalog!)
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Sculptors as Topics |
Some categories are of recent origin (e.g. bullion items, or multi-part items), others have an origin in the 19th century (e.g. campaign items, or later, list medals), some from antiquity or are timeless (e.g. reliefs or coins).
The category replicas and & reissues are those items generally made after the death of the artist. This also includes the incorporation of a previous work of art (like a drawing, or painting, or the depiction of a statue) into a coin or medal design. Artists, obviously, have no control over this, as this is the body of work that replicates a previous image.
This previous image may be any form of any art object created by a known artist. Thus Leonardo da Vinci is listed – who obviously did not create any American item – but whose Figure of Man, for example, has been used often as a popular image on American medals, and he should be so identified and listed.
Some categories, watchfobs for example, are only sparsely covered. Only a miniscule number of American watchfobs are listed. Reason: their creators are unknown. A signed watchfob is rare, the compiler has seen these signed by the makers, but not one singed by an artist!
The category replicas and & reissues are those items generally made after the death of the artist. This also includes the incorporation of a previous work of art (like a drawing, or painting, or the depiction of a statue) into a coin or medal design. Artists, obviously, have no control over this, as this is the body of work that replicates a previous image.
This previous image may be any form of any art object created by a known artist. Thus Leonardo da Vinci is listed – who obviously did not create any American item – but whose Figure of Man, for example, has been used often as a popular image on American medals, and he should be so identified and listed.
Some categories, watchfobs for example, are only sparsely covered. Only a miniscule number of American watchfobs are listed. Reason: their creators are unknown. A signed watchfob is rare, the compiler has seen these signed by the makers, but not one singed by an artist!
Tokens
Tokens occupy an unusual niche in numismatics. Neither coin nor medal, tokens have circulated like coins in a local area, but take on a private, nongovernmental issue like medals. To the purist tokens must have a value, expressed as a denomination or implied as “good for” some product orr service of the issuer. Also the term “tokens” is used for several classes of diestruck items, which circulated like coins because of the similarity of their size or the need for a coin substitute in times of a shortage of government coins.
Few tokens are signed. Thus too few are listed in this databank. The reason for this, perhaps, is the simplicity of their manufacture. Early 19th century engravers and diesinkers were noted for creating tokens. Later, these same craftsmen created storecards – advertising pieces for merchants who offered them as change for low value transactions (and redeemed them in the future).
Even later the manufacture of tokens was accomplished by craftsmen who made rubber stamps, or stamp and stencil firms. These tokens seldom bore an image, mostly lettering only made by letter punches similar to what was needted for making rubber stamps..Thus known rubber stamp firms who made such tokens are listed in the Producers section of this databank. In all, perhaps more than 80% of all American tokens are anonymous, whose designer, engraver or maker are unknown.
Few tokens are signed. Thus too few are listed in this databank. The reason for this, perhaps, is the simplicity of their manufacture. Early 19th century engravers and diesinkers were noted for creating tokens. Later, these same craftsmen created storecards – advertising pieces for merchants who offered them as change for low value transactions (and redeemed them in the future).
Even later the manufacture of tokens was accomplished by craftsmen who made rubber stamps, or stamp and stencil firms. These tokens seldom bore an image, mostly lettering only made by letter punches similar to what was needted for making rubber stamps..Thus known rubber stamp firms who made such tokens are listed in the Producers section of this databank. In all, perhaps more than 80% of all American tokens are anonymous, whose designer, engraver or maker are unknown.